{"id":4848,"date":"2026-08-18T12:07:21","date_gmt":"2026-08-18T10:07:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.spzo.cz\/?p=4848"},"modified":"2026-08-18T12:07:51","modified_gmt":"2026-08-18T10:07:51","slug":"maly-editor-genu-by-mohl-rozsirit-moznosti-presneho-slechteni-rostlin","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.spzo.cz\/?p=4848","title":{"rendered":"Mal\u00fd editor gen\u016f by mohl roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159it mo\u017enosti p\u0159esn\u00e9ho \u0161lecht\u011bn\u00ed rostlin"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">V\u011bdci z Kalifornsk\u00e9 univerzity (UC Davis) a Innovative Genomics Institute p\u0159edstavili pr\u016flomovou metodu \u00fapravy rostlin &#8211; jak bezpe\u010dn\u011b a efektivn\u011b dopravit do c\u00edlov\u00fdch bun\u011bk n\u00e1stroje pro jejich \u00fapravu. Tato metoda z\u00e1rove\u0148 eliminuje pot\u0159ebu tk\u00e1\u0148ov\u00fdch kultur a regenerace, \u010d\u00edm\u017e dramaticky zrychluje \u0161lechtitelsk\u00fd proces, a v\u00fdsledn\u00e1 rostlina m\u00e1 p\u0159esn\u011b upravenou vlastnost, ani\u017e by obsahovala geny poch\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00ed z jin\u00fdch rostlin (<strong>nen\u00ed tedy pova\u017eov\u00e1na za GMO<\/strong>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Jak to cel\u00e9 funguje?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Doposud nejpou\u017e\u00edvan\u011bj\u0161\u00ed n\u00e1stroj, syst\u00e9m CRISPR\/Cas9, toti\u017e \u010dasto nar\u00e1\u017e\u00ed na sv\u00e9 fyzik\u00e1ln\u00ed limity. Molekula Cas9 je toti\u017e p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 velik\u00e1 (tvo\u0159\u00ed ji v\u00edce ne\u017e 1 000 aminokyselin) na to, aby bylo mo\u017en\u00e9 ji vlo\u017eit do virov\u00fdch vektor\u016f, jejich\u017e kapacita je v tomto p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b omezen\u00e1. Kv\u016fli t\u00e9to velikostn\u00ed bari\u00e9\u0159e museli v\u011bdci d\u0159\u00edve postupovat slo\u017eitou oklikou &#8211; nejprve vytvo\u0159ili transgenn\u00ed rostlinu, kter\u00e1 m\u011bla k\u00f3d pro protein Cas9 trvale vlo\u017een\u00fd do sv\u00e9 vlastn\u00ed DNA. Teprve u t\u00e9to rostliny (kter\u00e1 u\u017e z legislativn\u00edho pohledu je GMO) mohli pou\u017e\u00edt virus k doru\u010den\u00ed zb\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00edch komponent (zejm\u00e9na nav\u00e1d\u011bc\u00ed RNA). Cel\u00fd proces byl zdlouhav\u00fd, n\u00e1kladn\u00fd a vy\u017eadoval zpravidla n\u00e1ro\u010dnou laboratorn\u00ed regeneraci rostlin z tk\u00e1\u0148ov\u00fdch kultur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0158e\u0161en\u00ed p\u0159inesl enzym TnpB z bakterie Deinococcus radiodurans, kter\u00fd poch\u00e1z\u00ed z rodiny tzv. \u201esk\u00e1kaj\u00edc\u00edch gen\u016f\u201c (transpozon\u016f). TnpB je p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b t\u0159ikr\u00e1t men\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e Cas9 (m\u00e1 jen kolem 400 aminokyselin), tak\u017ee se do virov\u00e9ho \u201ekur\u00fdra\u201c bez probl\u00e9mu vejde. V\u011bdci zvolili jako \u201edopravn\u00ed prost\u0159edek\u201c RNA virus kade\u0159avosti tab\u00e1ku (TRV, tobacco rattle virus), kter\u00fd se v rostlin\u011b velmi efektivn\u011b \u0161\u00ed\u0159\u00ed. Aby byl tento syst\u00e9m v rostlin\u00e1ch co nej\u00fa\u010dinn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, v\u011bdci TnpB d\u00e1le vylep\u0161ili do varianty eTnpBc. Tato inovace umo\u017enila, aby virus doru\u010dil v\u0161e pot\u0159ebn\u00e9 k editaci genomu najednou, p\u0159\u00edmo do list\u016f mlad\u00fdch rostlin.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00dasp\u011bch v\u011bdci demonstrovali na rostlin\u00e1ch tab\u00e1ku Nicotiana benthamiana, kde c\u00edlili na geny, kter\u00e9 ovliv\u0148uj\u00ed jejich zelenou barvu, konkr\u00e9tn\u011b na geny ChlH a PDS. Vy\u0159azen\u00ed t\u011bchto gen\u016f, zapojen\u00fdch do tvorby chlorofylu a karotenoid\u016f, se projevilo \u017elut\u00fdmi, respektive b\u00edl\u00fdmi \u010d\u00e1stmi list\u016f. \u00da\u010dinnost \u00faprav byla v\u00fdborn\u00e1 &#8211; u n\u011bkter\u00fdch pokus\u016f dos\u00e1hla u dosp\u011bl\u00fdch rostlin i jejich potomstva 90 a\u017e 100 %.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Z\u00e1sadn\u00ed ot\u00e1zkou bylo, jak zajistit, aby se \u00faprava p\u0159enesla do semen, kdy\u017e se samotn\u00fd virus TRV do semen nep\u0159en\u00e1\u0161\u00ed. Poda\u0159ilo se to d\u00edky tomu, \u017ee virus putuje rostlinou a\u017e do jej\u00edch r\u016fstov\u00fdch vrchol\u016f (merist\u00e9m\u016f). Zde edita\u010dn\u00ed syst\u00e9m \u201euprav\u00ed\u201c DNA v bu\u0148k\u00e1ch, ze kter\u00fdch pozd\u011bji vznikaj\u00ed kv\u011bty a semena. D\u00edky tomu nast\u00e1v\u00e1 unik\u00e1tn\u00ed situace &#8211; editace je d\u011bdi\u010dn\u00e1 (DNA v semeni je trvale zm\u011bn\u011bn\u00e1, proto\u017ee zm\u011bna prob\u011bhla u jeho bun\u011b\u010dn\u00fdch \u201ep\u0159edk\u016f\u201c v merist\u00e9mu) a rostlina je bez transgen\u016f (samotn\u00fd virus do embrya v semeni nepronikne a v nov\u00e9 generaci se ji\u017e nevyskytuje).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">V\u00fdsledkem tedy obecn\u011b mohou b\u00fdt rostliny s p\u0159esn\u011b upravenou vlastnost\u00ed (nap\u0159. vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed odolnost\u00ed), kter\u00e9 ale nejsou klasick\u00fdmi GMO, proto\u017ee neobsahuj\u00ed \u017e\u00e1dnou cizorodou DNA a jsou v podstat\u011b nerozeznateln\u00e9 od rostlin vznikl\u00fdch b\u011b\u017en\u00fdm \u0161lecht\u011bn\u00edm. Auto\u0159i p\u0159edpokl\u00e1daj\u00ed, \u017ee d\u00edky \u0161irok\u00e9mu spektru hostitel\u016f viru TRV bude mo\u017en\u00e9 pou\u017e\u00edt tuto metodu v budoucnu i na dal\u0161\u00edch kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdch plodin\u00e1ch, jako jsou raj\u010data, papriky nebo brambory. V\u011bdci tak\u00e9 p\u0159edpokl\u00e1daj\u00ed, \u017ee popsan\u00e9 principy pomohou vyvinout podobn\u00e9 syst\u00e9my i pro dal\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 plodiny.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201eMiniaturn\u00ed editory\u201c TnpB tak otev\u00edraj\u00ed cestu k zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed, kter\u00e9 dok\u00e1\u017ee rychle reagovat nap\u0159\u00edklad na klimatick\u00e9 zm\u011bny bez zbyte\u010dn\u00e9 administrativn\u00ed z\u00e1t\u011b\u017ee.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-right wp-block-paragraph\">Zdroj: biotrin.cz<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>V\u011bdci z Kalifornsk\u00e9 univerzity (UC Davis) a Innovative Genomics Institute p\u0159edstavili pr\u016flomovou metodu \u00fapravy rostlin &#8211; jak bezpe\u010dn\u011b a efektivn\u011b dopravit do c\u00edlov\u00fdch bun\u011bk n\u00e1stroje pro jejich \u00fapravu. Tato metoda z\u00e1rove\u0148 eliminuje pot\u0159ebu tk\u00e1\u0148ov\u00fdch kultur a regenerace, \u010d\u00edm\u017e dramaticky zrychluje \u0161lechtitelsk\u00fd proces, a v\u00fdsledn\u00e1 rostlina m\u00e1 p\u0159esn\u011b upravenou vlastnost, ani\u017e by obsahovala geny poch\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00ed z [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"off","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"1080","footnotes":""},"categories":[69,72],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4848","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-aktualita","category-top"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.spzo.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4848","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.spzo.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.spzo.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.spzo.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.spzo.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=4848"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.spzo.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4848\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4849,"href":"https:\/\/www.spzo.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4848\/revisions\/4849"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.spzo.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=4848"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.spzo.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=4848"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.spzo.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=4848"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}